RenéDescartes勒内·笛卡儿
1596—1650
西方现代哲学、解析几何奠基人
René Descartes(French : [ʁəne dekaʁt]; Latinized form: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian") was a French philosopher and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic.
He has been dubbed the 'Father of Modern Philosophy', and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day.Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system —allowing algebraic equations to beex pressed as geometric shapes, in a 2D coordinate system — was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis.Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution.
Descartes was a major figure in 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Spinoza and Leibniz, and opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, Rousseau, and Hume.He is perhaps best known for the philosophical Statement "Cogito ergo sum" (English: I think, therefore I am),found in Discourse on the Method (1637 – written in French but with inclusion of "Cogito ergo sum") and Principles of Philosophy (1644 – written in Latin).
笛卡儿出身于一个地位较低的贵族家庭,父亲是布列塔尼议会的议员。1岁多时母亲患肺结核去世,而他也受到传染,造成体弱多病。在他8岁时笛卡儿就进入耶稣会学校接受教育,受到良好的古典学以及数学训练。1613年到大学学习法律,1616年毕业毕业后笛卡儿一直对职业选择不定,又决心游历欧洲各地,专心寻求“世界这本大书”中的智慧。因此他于1618年在荷兰入伍,随军远游。笛卡儿对数学与物理学的兴趣是在荷兰当兵期间产生的。1618年,他偶然在公告栏上,看到用佛莱芒语提出的数学问题征答。这引起了他的兴趣,并且让身旁的贝克曼(可能是前面提到过的Simon Stevin的学生)。贝克曼在数学和物理学方面有很高造诣,很快成为了他的心灵导师。4个月后,他写信给贝克曼:“你是将我从冷漠中唤醒的人……”,并且告诉他,自己在数学上有了4个重大发现。1621年笛卡儿退伍。1622年,当他26岁时,笛卡儿变卖掉父亲留下的资产,用4年时间游历欧洲,其中在意大利住了2年,随后迁住于巴黎。1628年移居荷兰,在那里住了20多年。在此期间,笛卡儿专心致力于哲学研究,并逐渐形成自己的思想。他在荷兰写作且发表了多部重要的文集,包括了《方法论》、《形而上学的沉思》和《哲学原理》等。1649年笛卡儿受瑞典克里斯蒂娜女王之邀来到斯德哥尔摩,但不幸在这片“熊、冰雪与岩石的土地”上得了肺炎,并在1650年2月去世。
1663年他的著作在罗马和巴黎被列入禁书之列。1740年,巴黎才解除了禁令,那是为了对当时在法国流行起来的牛顿世界体系提供一个替代的东西。
欧洲文艺复兴以来,第一个为人类争取并保证理性权利的人 。